Bibliografía del artículo
1. Hijazi RA, Cunningham GR. Andropause: is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male? Annu Rev Med 56:117-37, 2005.
2. Kaufman JM, Vermeulen A. The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 26:833-876, 2005.
3. Liverman CT, Blazer DG. Testosterone and aging: clinical research directions. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004.
4. Qoubaitary A, Swerdloff RS, Wang C. Advances in male hormone substitution therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 6:1493-1506, 2005.
5. Feldman H, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou D, Krane R, McKinlay J. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 151:54-61, 1994.
6. Bacon C, Mittlemen M, Kawachi I, Giovanucci E, Glasser D, Rimm E. Sexual function in men older than 50 years of age: Results from the health professionals follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 139:161-168, 2003.
7. Rosen R, Fisher W, Eardley I, Niederber C, Nadel A, Sand M. The multinational men's attitudes of life events and sexuality (MALES) study: Prevalence of erectile dysfunction and related health concerns in the general population. Current Medical Research and Opinion 20:607-617, 2004.
8. Steidle C, Schwartz S, Jacoby K, Sebree T, Smith T, Bachand R. North American AA2500 T Gel Study Group AA2500 testosterone gel normalizes androgen levels in aging males with improvements in body composition and sexual function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2673-2681, 2003.
9. Travison TG, Morley JE, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(7):2509-13, 2006.
10. Marberger M, Roehrborn CG, Marks LS, Wilson T, Rittmaster RS. Relationship among serum testosterone, sexual function, and response to treatment in men receiving dutasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(4):1323-8, 2006.
11. Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63(4):381-94, 2005.
12. Bhasin S, Calof O, Storer T, et al. Drug insight: testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging. Nature CPEM 3:146-159, 2006.
13. Dacal K, Seeika S, Greenspan S. Quality of life in prostate cancer patients taking androgen deprivation therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:85-90, 2006.
14. Page, ST, Amory, JK, Bowman, FD, et al. Exogenous testosterone (T) alone or with finasteride increases physical performance, grip strength, and lean body mass in older men with low serum T. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1502-1510, 2005.
15. Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, Berlin JA, Loh L, Lenrow DA, Holmes JH, Dlewati A, Santanna J, Rosen CJ, Strom BL. Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2647-2653, 1999.
16. Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT. Endogenous sex hormones and cardiovascular disease in men. A prospective population-based study. Circulation 78:539-545, 1988.
17. Contoreggi CS, Blackman MR, Andres R, et al. Plasma levels of estradiol, testosterone, and DHEAS do not predict risk of coronary artery disease in men. J Androl 11:460-470, 1990.
18. Yarnell JW, Beswick AD, Sweetnam PM, Riad-Fahmy D. Endogenous sex hormones and ischemic heart disease in men. The Caerphilly prospective study. Arterioscler Thromb 13:517-520, 1993.
19. Barrett-Connor E, Khaw KT, Yen SS. Endogenous sex hormone levels in older adult men with diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Epidemiology 132:895-901, 1990.
20. Laaksonen D, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al. Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 149:601-608, 2003.
21. Laaksonen D, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al. Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes Care 27:1036-1041, 2004.
22. Muller M, Grobbee D, den Tonkelaar I, Lamberts S, Van der Schouw Y. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2618-2623, 2005.
23. Malkin CJ, Pugh PJ, Morris PD, Kerry KE, Jones RD, Jones TH, Channer KS. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with angina improves ischaemic threshold and quality of life. Heart 90:871-8, 2004.
24. Jones RD, Nettleship JE, Kapoor D, Jones HT, Channer KS. Testosterone and atherosclerosis in aging men: purported association and clinical implications. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 5:141-154, 2005.
25. Bussiere JR, Beer TM, Neiss MB, Janowsky JS. Androgen deprivation impairs memory in older men. Behav Neurosci 119(6):1429-37, 2005.
26. Salminen EK, Portin RI, Koskinen AI, Helenius HY, Nurmi MJ. Estradiol and cognition during androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1:103(7):1381-7, 2005.
27. Lu PH, Masterman DA, Mulnard R, et al. Effects of testosterone on cognition and mood in male patients with mild Alzheimer disease and healthy elderly men. Arch Neurol 63(2):177-85, 2006.
28. Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S, Baker L, Matsumoto AM, Peskind E, Raskind MA, Brodkin K, Bremner W, Petrova A, Latendresse S, Craft S. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology 57:80-88, 2001.
29. Cherrier MM, Plymate S, Mohan S, Asthana S, Matsumoto AM, Bremner W, Peskind E, Raskind M, Latendresse S, Haley AP, Craft S. Relationship between testosterone supplementation and insulin-like growth factor-I levels and cognition in healthy older men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:65-82, 2004.
30. Marin P, Holmang S, Jonsson L, et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle-aged obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16:991-997, 1992.
31. Page ST, Amory JK, Bowman FD, Anawalt BD, Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ, Tenover JL. Exogenous testosterone (T) alone or with finasteride increases physical performance, grip strength, and lean body mass in older men with low serum T. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1502-1510, 2005.
32. Muller M, Grobbee DE, Den Tonkelaar I, Lamberts SW, Van der Schouw YT. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(5):2618-23, 2005.
33. Mellstrom D, Johnell O, Ljunggren O, et al. Free testosterone is an independent predictor of BMD and prevalent fractures in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. J Bone Miner Res 21(4):529-35, 2006.
34. Amory JK, Watts NB, Easley KA, et al. Exogenous testosterone or testosterone with finasteride increases bone mineral density in older men with low serum testosterone J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(2):503-10, 2004.
35. Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, Berlin JA, Loh L, Holmes JH, Dlewati A, Staley J, Santanna J, Kapoor SC, Attie MF, Haddad JG Jr, Strom BL. Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1966-1972, 1999.
36. Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ, Blackwell C, Caterson ID, Sullivan CE. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:352-358, 1989.
37. Schneider BK, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW, et al. Influence of testosterone on breathing during sleep. J Appl Physiol 61(2):618-23, 1986.
38. Sandblom RE, Matsumoto AM, Schoene RB, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome induced by testosterone administration. N Engl J Med 308:508-510, 1983.
39. Matsumoto AM, Sandblom RE, Schoene RB, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men: effects on obstructive sleep apnoea, respiratory drives, and sleep. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:713-721, 1985.
40. White DP, Schneider BK, Santen RJ, et al. Influence of testosterone on ventilation and chemosensitivity in male subjects. J Appl Physiol 59:1452-1457, 1985.
41. Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Pasquali R. Testosterone levels in obese male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: relation to oxygen desaturation, body weight, fat distribution and the metabolic parameters. J Endocrinol Invest 26:493-498, 2003.
42. Liu PY, Yee, B, Wishart SM, et al. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3605-3613, 2003.
43. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(6):1995-2010, 2006.
44. Maibach HI, Feldmann RJ, The effect of DMSO on percutaneous penetration of hydrocortisone and testosterone in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 141(1):423-7, 1967.
45. Bals-Pratsch M, Knuth UA, Yoon YD, Nieschlag E Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism. Lancet ii:943-946, 1986.
46. Bals-Pratsch M, Langer K, Place VA, Nieschlag E. Substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transdermal testosterone over one year. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 118:7-1, 1988.
47. Findlay JC, Place VA, Snyder PJ. Transdermal delivery of testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:266-268, 1987.
48. Korenman SG, Viosca S, Garza D, et al. Androgen therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone system. Am J Med 83:471-478, 1987.
49. Cunningham GR, Cordero E, Thornby JI. Testosterone replacement with trandermal therapeutic systems. Physiological serum testosterone and elevated dihydrotestosterone levels. JAMA 261(17):2525-30, 1989.
50. Behre HM, Von Eckardstein S, Kliesch S, Nieschlag E. Long term substitution therapy of hypogonadal men with transscrotal testosterone over 7-10 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:629-635.
51. Brocks DR, Meikle AW, Boike SC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of testosterone in hypogonadal men after transdermal delivery: influence of dose. J Clin Pharmacol 36:732-739, 1966.
52. Meikle AW, Arver S, Dobs AS, Sanders SW, Rajaram L, Mazer N. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in hypogonadal men: influence of application site - a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1832-1840, 1996.
53. Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, Sanders SW, Caramelli KE, Mazer NA. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3469-3478, 1999.
54. Jordan WP. Allergy and topical irritation associated with transdermal testosterone administration: a comparison of scrotal and nonscrotal transdermal systems. Am J Cont Dermat 8:108-113, 1997.
55. Parker S, Armitage M. Experience with transdermal testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:57-62, 1999.
56. Wang C, Berman N, Longstreth JA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: application of gel at one site versus four sites: a general clinical research center Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:964-969, 2000.
57. Jordan WP, Atkinson LE, Lai C. Comparison of the skin irritation potential of two testosterone transdermal systems: an investigational system and a marketed product. Clin Ther 20:80-87, 1998.
58. Raynaud JP, Aumonier C, Gualano V, Betea D, Beckers A. Pharmacokinetic study of a new testosterone in-adhesive matrix patch applied every two days to hypogonadal men. The Endocrine Society P 240, 2005.
59. Schaison G, Nahoni K, Couzient B. Percutaneous dihydrotestosterone treatment. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM Eds. Testosterone: action, deficiency, substitution, Springer Verlag, Berlin pp. 155-164, 1990.
60. Wang C, Iranmanesh A, Berman N, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of three doses of percutaneous dihydrotestosterone gel in healthy elderly men--a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2749-2757, 1998.
61. Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Cunningham G, et al. Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4500-4510, 2000.
62. McNicholas TA, Dean JD, Mulder H, Carnegie C, Jones NA. A novel testosterone gel formulation normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men, with improvements in body composition and sexual function. BJU Int 91:69-74, 2003.
63. Marbury T, Hamill E, Bachand R, Sebree T, and Smith T. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the new testosterone topical gel formulation, Testim, compared to AndroGel. Biopharm Drug Dispos 24:115-20, 2003.
64. Rolf C, Kemper S, Lemmnitz G, Eickenberg U, Nieschlag E. Pharmacokinetics of a new transdermal testosterone gel in gonadotrophin-suppressed normal men. Eur J Endocrinol 146:673-679, 2002.
65. Rolf C, Knie U, Lemmnitz G, Nieschlag E. Interpersonal testosterone transfer after topical application of a newly developed testosterone gel preparation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56:637-641, 2002.
66. Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Iranamash A, et al. Transdermal testosterone (T) gel is efficacious and safe in older compared to younger men. Endocrine Society Abstract P2-648, p472 (Abstract), 2000.
67. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, et al. Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(2):678-88, 2005.
68. Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Iranmanesh A, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2839-2853, 2000.
69. Wang C, Cunningham G, Dobs A, et al. Long-term testosterone gel ( AndroGel) treatment maintains beneficial effects on sexual function and mood, lean and fat mass, and bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(5):2085-98, 2004.