Bibliografía del artículo
1. Bowers CY, Momany FA, Reynolds GA e col. On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone. Endocrinology 114:1537-1545, 1984.
2. Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LHT, Howard AD e col. Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocr Rev 18:621-645, 1997.
3. Korbonits M, Grossman A. Growth hormone-releasing peptide and its analogues -novel stimuli to growth hormone release. Trends Endocrinol Metab 6:43-49, 1995.
4. Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF e col. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 273:947-977, 1996.
5. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y e col. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656-660, 1999.
6. Arvat E, DiVito L, Broglio F e col. Preliminary evidence that ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 23:493-495, 2000.
7. Korbonits M, Goldstone A P, Gueorguiev M e col. Ghrelin- a hormone with multiple functions. Front Neuroendocrinol 25:27-68, 2004.
8. Van der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML e col. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 25:426-457, 2004.
9. Sun Y, Wang P, Zheng H e col. Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4679-4684, 2004.
10. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA e col. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2988- 2991, 2002.
11. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS e col. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 346:1623-1630, 2002.
12. Banks WA, Tschop M, Robinson SM e col. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302:822-827, 2002.
13. Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N e col. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4908-4911, 2000.
14. Arvat E, Maccario M, DiVito L e col. Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1169-1174, 2001.
15. Peñalva A, Carballo A, Pombo M e col. Effect of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), atropine, pyridostigmine, or hypoglycemia on GHRP-6-induced GH secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:168-171, 1993.
16. Hataya Y, Akamizu T, Takaya K e col. A low dose of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release synergistically with GH-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4552-4555, 2001.
17. Popovic V, Damjanovic S, Micic D e col. Blocked growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP-6)-induced GH secretion and absence of the synergic action of GHRP-6 plus GH-releasing hormone in patients with hypothalamopituitary disconnection: evidence that GHRP-6 main action is exerted at the hypothalamic level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:942-947, 1995.
18. Popovic V, Miljic D, Micic D e col. Ghrelin main action on the regulation of growth hormone release is exerted at hypothalamic level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3450-3453, 2003.
19. Tannenbaum GS, Bowers CY. Interactions of growth hormone secretagogues and growth hormone-releasing hormone/ somatostatin. Endocrine 14:21-27, 2001.
20. Pandya N, Mott-Friberg R, Bowers CY e col. Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-6 requires endogenous hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone for maximal GH stimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1186-1189, 1988.
21. Dickson SL, Doutrelant -Viltart O, Leng G. GH-deficient dw/dw rats and lit/lit mice show increased Fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6. J Endocrinol 146:519-526, 1995.
22. Maheshwari H, Rahim A, Shalet SM e col. Selective lack of growth hormone (GH) response to the GH-releasing peptide hexarelin in patients with GH-releasing hormone receptor deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:956-959, 1999.
23. Wren AM, Small CJ, Fribbens CV e col. The hypothalamic mechanisms of the hypophysiotropic action of ghrelin. Neuroendocrinology 76:316-324, 2002.
24. Korbonits M, Little JA, Forsling ML e col. The effect of growth hormone secretagogues and neuropeptide Y on hypothalamic hormone release from acute rat hypothalamic explants. J Neuroendocrinol 11:521-528, 1999.
25. Guillaume V, Magnan E, Cataldi M e col. Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone secretion is stimulated by a new GH-releasing hexapeptide in sheep. Endocrinology 135:1073-1076, 1994.
26. Goth MI, Lyons CE, Canny BJ e col. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activacting polypeptide, growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide and GH-releasing hormone stimulate GH release through distinct pituitary receptors. Endocrinology 130:939-944, 1992.
27. Malagon MM, Luque RM, Ruiz-Guerrero E e col. Intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating ghrelin-stimulated growth hormone release in somatotropes. Endocrinology 144:5372-5380, 2003.
28. Kineman RD, Luque RM. Evidence that ghrelin is as potent as growth hormone (GH)- realising hormone (GHRH) in realising GH from primary pituitary cell cultures of a nonhuman primate (Papio anubis), acting through intracellular signaling pathways distinct from GHRH. Endocrinology 148:4440-4449, 2007.
29.Tolle V, Bassant MH, Zizzari P e col. Ultradian rhythmicity of ghrelin secretion in relation with GH, feeding behavior, and sleep-wake patterns in rats. Endocrinology 143:1353-1361, 2002.
30. Okimura Y, Ukai K, Hosoda H e col. The role of circulating ghrelin in growth hormone (GH) secretion in freely moving male rats. Life Sci 72:2517-2524, 2003.
31. Tannenbaum GS, Epelbaum J, Bowers CY. Interrelationship between the novel peptide ghrelin and somatostatin/growth hormone-releasing hormone in regulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 144:967-974, 2003.
32. Barkan AL, Dimaraki EV, Jessup SK e col. Ghrelin secretion in humans is sexually dimorphic, suppressed by somatostatin, and not affected by the ambient growth hormone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2180-2184, 2003.
33. Halem HA, Taylor JE, Dong JZ ecol. Novel analogs of ghrelin: physiological and clinical implications. Eur J Endocrinol 151(Suppl.1):S71-S75, 2004.
34. Zizzari P, Halem H,Taylor J e col. Endogenous ghrelin regulates episodic growth hormone (GH) secretion by amplifying GH pulse amplitude: evidence from antagonism of the GH secretagogue-R1a receptor. Endocrinology 146:3836-3842, 2005.
35. Tannenbaum GS, Samia M, Chen Q e col. Antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor unmasks a role for ghrelin in maintaining high GH pulse amplitude under physiological conditions. Endo Soc 87th Ann Meet San Diego,USA, June 4-7, 2005.
36. Pantel J, Legendre M, Cabrol S et col. Loss of constitutive activity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in familial short stature. J Clin Invest 116:760-768, 2006.
37. Koutkia P, Canavan B, Breu J e col. Nocturnal ghrelin pulsatility and response to growth hormone secretagogues in healthy men . Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287:E506-E512, 2004.
38. Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T e col. The role of pituitary ghrelin in growth hormone (GH) secretion: GH-releasing hormone-dependent regulation of pituitary ghrelin gene expression and peptide content. Endocrinology 145:3731-3738, 2004.
39. Sun Y, Ahmed S, Smith RG .Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite. Mol Cell Biol 23:7973-7981, 2003.
40. Shuto Y, Shibasaki T, Otagiri A e col. Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion, feeding, and adiposity. J Clin Invest 109:1429-1436, 2002.
41. Sun Y, Wang P, Zheng H e col. Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4679-4684, 2004.
42. Peino R, Baldelli R, Rodriguez-Garcia J e col. Ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 143:R11-R14, 2000.
43. Broglio F, Benso A, Castiglioni C e col. The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in humans in young and elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1537-1542, 2003.
44. Cordido F, Penalva A, Dieguez C e col. Massive growth hormone (GH) discharge in obese subjects after the combined administration of GH-releasing hormone and GHRP-6: evidence for a marked somatotroph secretory capability in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:819-823, 1993.
45. Tassone F, Broglio F, Destefanis S e col. Neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of acute ghrelin administration in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5478-5483, 2003.
46. Maccario M, Arvat E, Procopio M e col. Metabolic modulation of the growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin in man. Metabolism 44:134-138, 1995.
47. Di Vito L, Broglio F, Benso A e col. The GH-releasing effect of ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue, is only blunted by the infusion of exogenous somatostatin in humans. Clin Endocrinol 56:643-648, 2002.
48. Broglio F, Benso A, Gottero C e col. Effects of glucose, free fatty acids or arginine load on the GH-releasing activity of ghrelin in humans. Clin Endocrinol 57:265-271, 2002.
49. Maier C, Schaller G, Buranyi B e col. The cholinergic system controls ghrelin release and ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4729-4733, 2004.
50. Gertz BJ, Sciberras DG, Yogendran L e col. L-692,429, a nonpeptide growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, reverses glucocorticoid suppression of GH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:745-749, 1994.
51. Arvat E, DiVito L, Gianotti L e col. Mechanisms undelying the negative growth hormone (GH) autofeedback on the GH-releasing effect of hexarelin in man. Metabolism 46:83-88, 1997.
52. Leal-Cerro A, Pumar A, Garcia-Garcia E e col. Inhibition of growth hormone release after the combined administration of GHRH and GHRP-6 in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 41:649-654, 1994.
53. Borges MH, DiNinno FB, Lengyel AM. Different effects of growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-6) and GH-releasing hormone on GH release in endogenous and exogenous hypercortisolism. Clin Endocrinol 46:713-718, 1997.
54. Leal-Cerro A, Torres E, Soto A e col. Ghrelin is no longer able to stimulate growth hormone secretion in patients with Cushing's syndrome but instead induces exaggerated corticotropin and cortisol responses. Neuroendocrinology 76:390-396, 2002.
55. Correa-Silva SR, Nascif SO, Lengyel AMJ. Decreased GH secretion and enhanced ACTH and cortisol release after ghrelin administration in Cushing's disease: comparison with GH- releasing peptide -6 (GHRP-6) and GHRH. Pituitary 9:101-107, 2006.
56. Arvat E, Giordano R, Ramunni J e col. Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol hyperresponsiveness to hexarelin in patients with Cushing's disease bearing a pituitary microadenoma, but not in those with macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:4207-4211, 1998.
57. Pinto AC, Silva MR, Martins MR e col. Effects of short-term glucocorticoid deprivation on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6: studies in normal men and in patients with adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1540-1544, 2000.
58. Ramos-Dias JC, Pimentel-Filho F, Reis A F e col. Different growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide and GH-releasing hormone in hyperthyroidism .J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1343-1346, 1996.
59. Nascif SO, Correa-Silva SR, Silva MR e col. Decreased ghrelin- induced GH release in thyrotoxicosis: comparison with GH- realising peptide-6 (GHRP-6) and GHRH. Pituitary 10:27-33, 2007.
60. Lengyel AMJ. From growth hormome- realising peptides to ghrelin: discovery of new modulators of GH secretion. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 50:17-24, 2006.
61. Weffort RFVB, Ramos-Dias JC, Chipoch C e col. Growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing peptide-6 in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 46:706-710, 1997.
62. Broglio F, Gianotti L, Destefanis S e col. The endocrine response to acute ghrelin administration is blunted in patients with anorexia nervosa, a ghrelin hypersecretory state. Clin Endocrinol 60:592-599, 2004.