CUALES SON LAS CAUSAS DEL CANCER DE TESTICULO





CUALES SON LAS CAUSAS DEL CANCER DE TESTICULO

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
El consumo de alimentos contaminados con ocratoxina A durante el embarazo y la lactancia podría provocar lesiones a nivel del ADN testicular en la descendencia. Estas lesiones podrían evolucionar hacia el cáncer de testículo durante la pubertad.
schwartz9.jpg Autor:
Schwartz, Gary
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Comprehensive Cancer Center Wake Forest University North Carolina, USA


Artículos publicados por Schwartz, Gary
Recepción del artículo
14 de Julio, 2004
Aprobación
21 de Julio, 2004
Primera edición
21 de Febrero, 2005
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La etiología del cáncer de testículo es un misterio desde el punto de vista epidemiológico. Planteamos la hipótesis de que la causa del cáncer de testículo es la ocratoxina A, un carcinógeno genotóxico, contaminante natural de cereales, carne de cerdo y otros alimentos. Los factores clave en la epidemiología descriptiva son: una alta incidencia en los países del Norte de Europa, aumento de la incidencia a lo largo del tiempo, asociación con la clase social alta y mala calidad del semen; todos ellos relacionados con la ocratoxina A. Demostramos que la distribución geográfica del cáncer de testículo se podría correlacionar con el consumo de café y carne porcina, alimentos en los que la contaminación por ocratoxina A es común. La ocratoxina A es un carcinógeno que atraviesa la barrera placentaria y puede provocar la aparición de aductos en el ADN fetal. Proponemos que el consumo de alimentos contaminados con ocratoxina A durante el embarazo y en la niñez o en ambas induce la aparición de lesiones en el ADN testicular que evolucionan hacia el cáncer de testículo durante la pubertad.

Palabras clave
Ocratoxina A, micotoxinas, cáncer de testículo, dieta, epidemiología


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-9.72 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
The etiology of testicular cancer is an epidemiologic mystery. We hypothesize that testicular cancer is caused by ochratoxin A, a genotoxic carcinogen that is a naturally-occurring contaminant of cereals, pigmeat, and other foods. The key features of the descriptive epidemiology of testicular cancer: a high incidence in northern Europe, increasing incidence over time, and associations with high socioeconomic status and poor semen quality, are all associated with exposure to ochratoxin A. We show that the geographic distribution of testicular cancer is positively correlated with the consumption of pork and coffee, foods commonly contaminated with ochratoxin A. ochratoxin A is a transplacental carcinogen that can cause adducts in fetal DNA. We propose that consumption of foods contaminated with ochratoxin A during pregnancy and/or childhood induces lesions in testicular DNA and that puberty promotes these lesions to testicular cancer.

Key words
Ochratoxin A, mycotoxin, testicular cancer, diet, epidemiology


Full text
(english)
para suscriptores/ assinantes

Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos del Mundo >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Oncología
Relacionadas: Bioquímica, Diagnóstico por Laboratorio, Medicina Interna, Urología



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 9.72 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Schwartz, Gary
Patrocinio y reconocimiento:
Agradecimientos: El presente trabajo sobre la etiología del cáncer de testículo es respaldado por una beca de investigación para trabajos de campo financiada por Wake Forest University y otra financiada por Lance Armstrong Foundation.
Bibliografía del artículo
  1. Schottenfeld D (1996) Testicular cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr. eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Ed.2, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1207-1219
  2. Jensen OM, Estevem J, Møller H, Renard, H (1990) Cancer in the European community and its member states. Eur J Cancer 26:1167-1256.
  3. Ekbom A (1998) Growing evidence that several human cancers may originate in utero. Sem. Cancer Biology 8:237-244.
  4. Chivers C, Pike MC (1992) Cancer risk in the undescended testicle. Europ Urol Update Series, 1:74-79.
  5. Moller H, Prener A, Skakkebæk NE (1996) Testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, testicular atrophy, and genital malformations: case-control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes Contr 7:264-274.
  6. Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, Skakkebæk NE (2000) Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. Brit Med J 321:789-792.
  7. Sharpe RM, Skakkebæk NE (1993) Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract Lancet 341:1392-1395.
  8. Petersen PM, Skakkebæk NE, Giwercman, A (1998) Gonadal function in men with testicular cancer: Biological and clinical aspects. APMIS 106:24-36.
  9. Davies JM (1981) Testicular cancer in England and Wales: some epidemiologic aspects. Lancet, 1:928-932.
  10. Ross RK, McCurtis, JW, Henderson, BE, Menck HR, Mack,TM, Martin SP (1979) Descriptive epidemiology of testicular and prostatic cancer in Los Angeles. Br J Cancer 39:284-292.
  11. Forman D, Møller H (1994) Testicular cancer. Cancer Surveys: Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality 19/20:323-341.
  12. Hoff Wanderas E, Tretli S, Fossa SD (1995) Trends in incidence of testicular cancer in Norway 1955-1992. Eur J Cancer 31A:2044-2048.
  13. Bergstrom R, Adami HO, Mohner M, et al. Increase in testicular cancer in six European countries: A birth cohort phenomenon. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:727-733.
  14. Pitt JI (2000) Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Brit Med Bull 56:184-192, 2000.
  15. Lillehoj H, Elling F (1983) Environmental conditions that facilitate ochratoxin contamination of agricultural commodities. Acta Agric Scand 33:113-128.
  16. Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM (1989) Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed Environ Sci 2:179-248.
  17. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1993) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, Lyon, Vol. 56.
  18. Pohland AE, Nesheim S, Friedman L (1992) ochratoxin A: A Review. Pure & Appl Chem, 64:1029-1048.
  19. Petzinger E, Zeigler K (2000) ochratoxin A from a toxicologic perspective. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 23:91-98.
  20. Commission of the European Communities (1996) Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation. Report of experts participating in task 3.2.2: assessment of detary intake of ochratoxin A by the population in EU member states. Report EUR 17523 EN.
  21. Truckseee MW, Giler J, Young K, White KD, Page SW (1999) Determination and survey of ochratoxin A in wheat, barley, and coffee – 1997. J AOAC Internat 82:85-89.
  22. Bauer J, Gareis M (1987) ochratoxin A in the food chain. Z Veterinarmed [B] 34:613-627 (in German).
  23. Boorman, G (ed.) (1989) NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of ochratoxin A. NIH Publication No. 89-2813. U.S. Dept. Health and Human Services, N.I.H., Research Triangle Park, NC.
  24. Larsen S (1928) On chronic degeneration of the kidneys caused by mouldy rye. Maanedsskr. Dyrl., 40:259-294; 289-300 (in Danish).
  25. Krogh P (1976) Epidemiology of Mycotoxic Porcine Nephropathy. Nord Vet-Med 28:452-458.
  26. Ceovic S, Pleština R, Miletic-Medved M, Stavljenic A, Mitar J, Vukelic M (1991). Epidemiological aspects of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy in a typical focus in Yugoslavia. In Castegnaro M, Plestina R, Dirheimer G, Chernozemsky IM, Bartsch H (eds.) Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours. Lyon: IARC Scientific Pub. No. 115 New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5-10.
  27. Radovanic Z, Jankovic S, JeremovicI (1991) Incidence of tumors of urinary origin in a focus of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 34:S75-S76.
  28. Tatu CA, Orem WH, Finkelman RB, Feder GL (1998) The etiology of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy: Still more questions than answers. Env Health Perspect 106: 689-700.
  29. Höhler D. ochratoxin A in food and feed: Occurrence, legislation, and mode of action (1998) Z Ernährungswiss 37: 2-12.
  30. Hald, B. ochratoxin A in human blood in European countries. (1991). In Castegnaro M, Plestina R, Dirheimer G, Chernozemsky IN, Bartsch H (eds.) Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours. Lyon: IARC Scientific Pub. No. 115. New York: Oxford University pp 159-164.
  31. Scheuer R (1989) Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von ochratoxin A. Fleischwirtschaft 69:1400-1404.
  32. Ascher H, Holm K, Dristiansson B, Mäki M (1993) Different features of coeliac disease in two neighbouring countries. Arch Dis Child 69:375-380.
  33. Rosegrant MW, Leach N, Gerpacio RV (1999) ‘Meat or wheat for the next millennium’. Plenary Lecture. Alternative futures for world cereal and meat consumption. Proc Nutr Soc 58:219-234.
  34. Skaug MA, Helland I, Solvoll K, Saugstad OD (2001) Presence of ochratoxin A in human milk in relation to dietary intake. Food Add Contam 18: 321-327.
  35. Breitoltz-Emanuelsson A, Olsen M, Oskarsson A, Palminger I, Hult K (1993) ochratoxin A in cow’s milk and in human milk with corresponding human blood samples. J AOAC Int 76:842-846.
  36. Skaug MA, Stormer FC, Saugstad OD (1998) ochratoxin A: a naturally occurring mycotoxin found in human milk samples from Norway. Acta Pædiatr 87:1275-1278.
  37. Scott JA, Binns CW (1999) Factors associated with the initiation and duration of breastfeeding: a review of the literature. Breastfeed Rev 7:5-16.
  38. Fenske M, Fink-Gremmels J (1990) Effects of fungal metabolites on testosterone secretion in vitro. Arch Toxicol 64:72-75.
  39. More J, Camguilhem R (1979) Effects of low doses of ochratoxin A after intratesticular injection in the rat. Experientia 35:890-892.
  40. Bose S, Sinha SP (1994) Modulation of ochratoxin-produced genotoxicity in mice by vitamin C. Food Chem Toxicol 32:533-537.
  41. Kazanas N, Ely RW, Fields ML, Erdman JW Jr (1984) Toxic effects of fermented and unfermented sorghum meal diets naturally contaminated with mycotoxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:1118-1125.
  42. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J (1997) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol.VII. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No. 143.
  43. Binstock M, Krakow D, Stamler J, Reiff J, Persky V, Liu K, Moss D (1983) Coffee and pancreatic cancer: An analysis of international mortality data. Am J Epidemiol 118:630-640.
  44. Galal OM (1998) Uses of food consumption data: with an example exploring the impact of food consumption on economic growth. Public Health Rev 26:109-122.
  45. Fuchs R, Appelgran LE, Hutt K (1988) Distribution of 14C-ochratoxin A in the mouse monitored by whole-body autoradiography. Pharmacol Toxicol 63:355-360.
  46. Galtier P, Charpenteau J-L, Alvinerie M, Labouche C (1979) The pharmacokinetic profile of ochratoxin A in the rat after oral and intravenous administration. Drug Metab Distribut 7: 429-434.
  47. Fukai YC, Hoshino K, Kameyama T, Yasui T, Toda C, Nagiono H (1987) Placental transfer of ochratoxin A and its cytotoxic effect on the mouse embryonic brain. Food Chem Toxicol 25:17-24.
  48. Ballinger MB, Phillips TE, Kubena LF (1986) Assessment of the distribution and elimination of ochratoxin A in the pregnant rat. J Food Safety 8:11-24.
  49. Barnikol H, Thalmann A (1988) Klinische Beobachtungen beim Schwein in Zusammenhang mit den Mykotoxinen ochratoxin A und Zearalenon. Tierärztl Umsch 43:74-82.
  50. Jonsyn FE, Maxwell SM, Hendrickes RG (1995) Human fetal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxins. Ann Trop Paed 15:3-9.
  51. Zimmerli B, Dick R (1995) Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity column cleanup: methodology and Swiss data. J Chromat B Biomed Appl 666:85-99.
  52. Hallènm IP, Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A, Hult K., Olsen M, Oskarsson A (1998) Placental and lactational transfer of ochratoxin A in rats. Nat Toxins 6:43-49.
  53. Gharbi A, Trillon O, Betbeder AM, et al. (1993) Some effects of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin contaminating feeds and food, on rat testis. Toxicology 83:9-18.
  54. Kane A, Creppy EE, Roth A, Röschenhaler R, Dirheimer G (1986). Distribution of the [3H]-label from low doses of radiactive ochratoxin A ingested by rats, and evidence from DNA single-strand breaks caused in liver and kidneys. Arch Tox 58: 219-224.
  55. Kanisawa M, Suzuki S (1978) Induction of renal and hepatic tumors in mice by ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin. Gann 69:599-600.
  56. Bendele AM, Carlton WW, Krogh P, Lillehoj EB (1985) ochratoxin A carcinogenesis in the (C57BL/6J x C3H)F1 mouse. J Natl Cancer Inst 75: 733-742.
  57. Lutz WK, Gaylor D (1996) Significance of DNA adducts at low dose: shortening the time to spontaneous tumor occurrence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 23:29-34.
  58. Poirior MC, Beland FA (1992) DNA adduct measurements and tumor incidence during chronic carcinogen exposure in animal models: implications for DNA adduct-based human cancer risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 5:749-755.
  59. Castegnaro M, Mohr U, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, et al. (1998) Sex- and strain-specific induction of renal tumors by ochratoxin A in rats correlates with DNA adduction. Int J Cancer 77:70-75.
  60. Radic B, Fuchs R, Peraica M, Lucic A (1997) ochratoxin A in human sera in the area with endemic nephropathy in Croatia. Toxicol Lett 91:105-109.
  61. Buetow SA (1995) Epidemiology of testicular cancer. Epidemiologic Rev 17:433-449.
  62. McMasters DR, Vedani A (1998) ochratoxins: Molecular strategies for developing an antidote. Altex 15:218-221.
  63. Obrecht-Pfumio S, Gross Y, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Dirheimer G (1996) Protection by indomethacin and aspirin against genotoxicity of ochratoxin A, particularly in the urinary bladder and kidney. Arch Toxicol 70:244-248.
  64. Creppy EE, Baudrimont I, Betbeder AM (1995) Prevention of nephrotoxicity of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant. Toxicol Lett 82-83:869-877.
  65. McNulty H, Cuskelly GJ, Ward M (2000) Response of red blood cell folate to intervention: Implications for folate recommendations for the prevention of neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr 71 Suppl 5:1308S-1311S.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618