VALOR DIAGNOSTICO DE LA INHIBICION DE ACIDO EN LA ENFERMEDAD POR REFLUJO GASTROESOFAGICO





VALOR DIAGNOSTICO DE LA INHIBICION DE ACIDO EN LA ENFERMEDAD POR REFLUJO GASTROESOFAGICO

(especial para SIIC © Derechos reservados)
Aunque no asegura el diagnóstico, la “prueba de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones” es razonable y con moderada utilidad como prueba diagnóstica ante la sospecha de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico sin síntomas de alarma.
Autor:
Joan Monés Xiol
Columnista Experto de SIIC

Institución:
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona


Artículos publicados por Joan Monés Xiol
Recepción del artículo
22 de Octubre, 2007
Aprobación
20 de Febrero, 2008
Primera edición
3 de Junio, 2008
Segunda edición, ampliada y corregida
7 de Junio, 2021

Resumen
La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) es una de las más frecuentes tanto en atención primaria como en atención especializada. En el mundo desarrollado, el 2.5% al 10% de los sujetos tienen pirosis diaria y alrededor del 30% al menos una vez al mes. Esta enfermedad puede también manifestarse con síntomas extraesofágicos, como dolor torácico no cardíaco, laringitis, tos crónica y asma. Pacientes con síntomas sugestivos de enfermedad no complicada son con frecuencia tratados empíricamente con medidas higiénico-dietéticas y medicación antisecretora. Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) son escogidos como primera línea de tratamiento por su mayor eficacia en la ERGE. Por ello, en la práctica clínica muchos médicos consideran que el alivio sintomático rápido después de un tratamiento corto con IBP es un marcador adecuado para diagnosticar ERGE. Es la base para que se desarrollara la llamada "prueba de los IBP". La endoscopia es la exploración más recomendada y aceptada en la ERGE, pero 50% a 75% de los pacientes con síntomas compatibles tienen una endoscopia normal. Por ello, la endoscopia no parece ser indispensable, en un considerable número de pacientes con ERGE sin síntomas ni signos de alarma. La medición del pH de 24 horas ha sido considerada como la prueba más sensible y específica en el diagnóstico de la ERGE, aunque un significativo porcentaje de pacientes (alrededor del 25%), tienen síntomas compatibles y pehachimetría normal. Aunque esta exploración es un excelente procedimiento diagnóstico, tiene poca utilidad en la práctica clínica habitual y sólo suele estar disponible en atención especializada ya que es invasivo y costoso. Contrariamente, la "prueba de los IBP" es simple, sensible y costo-efectiva, aunque tiene insuficiente especificidad para ser utilizada como criterio exclusivo. Por ello, si bien para pacientes con sospecha de ERGE la prueba de los IBP no puede asegurar o excluir el diagnóstico cuando la ERGE es definida con los criterios estándard aceptados. Muchos pacientes con ERGE responden a los IBP y, aunque no asegura el diagnóstico, la prueba de los IBP es razonable y con moderada utilidad como "prueba diagnóstica" en sospecha de ERGE y sin síntomas de alarma, sobre todo en ambientes con dificultades para llevar a cabo pruebas objetivas.

Palabras clave
enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, manifestaciones extraesofágicas del reflujo, inhibidores de la bomba de protones, prueba de los IBP, pH de 24 horas


Artículo completo

(castellano)
Extensión:  +/-8.59 páginas impresas en papel A4
Exclusivo para suscriptores/assinantes

Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common disorders observed by both primary care physicians and gastroenterologists. In the developed world, between 2.5 and 10% of the adult population have heartburn daily and about 30% experience this condition at least once monthly. This disorder can also be associated with extra-esophageal symptoms, such as non-cardiac chest pain, laryngitis, cough and asthma. Patients with symptoms suggestive of uncomplicated disease are frequently treated empirically with lifestyle modifications and acid suppressive medications. Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPI) are often used as first-line therapy because they are more effective than other available treatments for GERD. In clinical practice, therefore, many physicians consider that rapid symptom relief after a short course of PPI therapy is a valuable marker for a diagnosis of GERD This represents the basis for the development of so-called "PPI test". Endoscopy is the most acceptable and recommendable exploratory procedure but results are normal in 50-75% of patients whose symptoms are compatible with GERD. Consequently, endoscopy does not appear to be essential in a large group of patients with GERD with no alarm symptoms. Twenty-four hour pH monitoring has come to be considered the most sensitive and specific test in the diagnosis of GERD, but in a significant proportion of patients (about 25%), symptoms are compatible and 24-h pH monitoring is normal. Despite the fact that this exploration is an excellent diagnostic tool, it is of little use in routine clinical practice; it should thus be limited to tertiary care settings, as it is invasive and costly. Otherwise, the "PPI test" is a simple, sensitive and cost-effective tool, but it has insufficient specificity for its use as an objective criterion alone. Therefore, for patients suspected of having GERD but presenting no alarming symptoms, "PPI test" does not confidently establish or exclude the diagnosis defined by currently accepted reference standards.

Key words
gastroesophageal reflux disease, extraoesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux d, proton pump inhibitors, PPI test, 24 hour pH monitoring


Clasificación en siicsalud
Artículos originales > Expertos de Iberoamérica >
página   www.siicsalud.com/des/expertocompleto.php/

Especialidades
Principal: Gastroenterología
Relacionadas: Farmacología, Medicina Interna



Comprar este artículo
Extensión: 8.59 páginas impresas en papel A4

file05.gif (1491 bytes) Artículos seleccionados para su compra



Enviar correspondencia a:
Joan Monés Xiol, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025, Sant Antonio M. Claret 167, Barcelona, España
Bibliografía del artículo
1. Locke GR, Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County. Minnesota Gastroenterol 112:1448-56, 1997.
2. Van Bommel MJ, Numans ME, de Wit NJ, Stalman WA. Consultations and referrals for dyspepsia in general practice - a one year database survey. Postgrad Med J 77:514-8, 2001.
3. Díaz Rubio M, Moreno Elola-Olaso C, Rey E, Locke GR III, Rodríguez Artalejo F. Symtoms gastroesophageal reflux: prevalence, severity, duration and associated factors in a spanish population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19:95-105, 2004.
4. Ponce J, Vagazo O, Beltran J, Jiménez J, Zapardiel J, Calle D et al. Iberge Study Group. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Spain and associated factors. Aliment Pharmcol Ther 23:175-84, 2006.
5. DeVaullt KR, Castell DO. Update guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux diseases. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 94:1434-42, 1999.
6. Numans ME, De Wit NJ. Reflux symptoms in general practice diagnostic evaluation of the Carlsson-Dent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease questionaire. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 17:1049-56, 2003.
7. Ellis KK, Oehlke M, Helfand M, et al. Management of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: does endoscopy influence medical management? Am J Gastroenterol 92:1472-4, 1997.
8. Howden CW, Castell DO, Cohen S, et. Al. The rationale for continuos maintenance treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Arch Int Med 155:1465-71, 1995.
9. Dent J, Brun J, Fendrick AM, Fennerty MB, Janssen J, Kahrilas PJ, et al. An evidenced-based appraisal of reflux disease management. The Genval Workshop Report. Gut 44(Suppl.2):S1-16, 1999.
10. Jones RH, Pali A, Hungin S. gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care in Europe: clinical presentation and endoscòpic findings. Eur J Gen Pract 1:149-54, 1995.
11. Shaheen NJ, Crosby MA, Bozymski EM, Sandler RS. Is there publication bias in the reporting of cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus? Gastrenterology 119(2):333-8, 2000.
12. Sampliner RE, Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia: Is there progress in the face of increasing cancer incidence?. Ann Intern Med 130(1):559-63, 1999.
13. Ghillebert G, Demeyere AM, Janssens J, Vantrappen G. How well quantitative 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring distinguish various degrees of reflux disease? Dig Dis Sci 40:1317-24, 1995.
14. Monés J, Clave P, Mearin F. Esophageal pH monitoring: are you sure that the electrode is properly placed? Am J Gastroenterol 96:975-8, 2001.
15. Carlsson R, Dent J, Watts R, Riley S, Sheikh R, Hatlebakk J, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care: un international study of different treatment strategies with omeprazole. International GORD Study Group. Eur J Gastroentero Hepatol 10:119-24, 1998.
16. Van Pinxteren B, Numans ME, Bonis PA, Lau J. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitotrs, H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastroesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002095, 2006.
17. Johnsson F, Weywadt L, Solhaug JH, Hernqvist H, Bengtsson L. One-week omeprazole treatment in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:15-20, 1998.
18. Fass R, Ofman JJ, Gralnek IM, Johson C, Camargo E, Sampliner RE, et al. Clinical and economic assessment of the omeprazole test in patients of symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med 159:2161-8, 1999.
19. Bate CM, Riley SA, Chapman RW, Durnin AT, Taylor MD. Evaluation of omeprazole as a cost-effective diagnostic test for gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13:59-66, 1999.
20. Dekel R, Morse C, Fass R. The role of proton pump inhibitors in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Drugs 64:277-95, 2004.
21. Juul-Hansen P, Ryding A, Jacobsen CD, Hansen T. High-dose proton-pump inhibiors as a diagnostic test of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in endoscopic-negative patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 36:806-10, 2001.
22. Fass R, Ofman JJ, Sampliner RE, Camargo L, Wendel C, Fennerty MB. The omeprazole test is a sensitive as 24-h oesophageal pH monitoring in diagnosing gastro-esophageal reflux disease in symptomatic patients with erosive esophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:389-96, 2000.
23. Johnsson F, Hatlebakk JG, Klintenberg AC, Roman J, Toth E, Stubberod A et al. One-week esomeprazole treatment: an effective confirmatory test in patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 38:354-9, 2003.
24. Juul-Hansen P, Ryding A. Endoscopy-negative reflux disease: what is the value of proton-pump inhibitor test in everyday clinical practice? Scand J Gastroenterol 38:1200-3, 2003.
25. Madan K, Ahuja V, Gupta SD, Bal C, Kapoor A, Sharma MP. Impact of 24-h esophageal pH monitoring on the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: defining the gold standard. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:30-7, 2005.
26. Numans ME, Lau J, De Wit NJ, Bonis PA. Short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics. Ann Intern Med 140:518-27, 2004.
27. Aanen MC, Numans ME, Weusten BL, Scout AJ. Diagnostic value of the reflux disease questionnaire in general practices. Digestion 74:162-8, 2006.
28. Des Varannes SB, Sacher-Huvelin S, Vavasseur F, Masliah C, Rhun ML, Aygalenq P, Bonnot-Marlier S, Lequeux Y, Galmiche JP. Rabeprazole test for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Result of a study in a primary care setting. World J Gastroenterol 28:2569-73, 2006.
29. Vakil N. Test and treat or treat and test in reflux disease? Aliment Pharm Ther 17:57-60, 2003.
30. Fass R, Fennerty MB, Ofman JJ, Gralnek IM, Johnson C, Camargo E, Sampliner RE. The clinical and economic value of a short course of omeprazole in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterology 115:42-9, 1998.
31. Pandak WM, Arezo S, Everett S, Jesse R, DeCosta G, CrofsT, et al. Short course of omeprazole: a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac chest pain than endoscopy, manometry or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. J Clin Gastroenterol 35:307-14, 2002.
32. Xia HH, Lai KC, Lam SK, Hu WH, Wong NY, Hui WM, et al. Symptomatic response to lansoprazole predicts abnormal acid reflux in endoscopic-negative patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:369-77, 2003.
33. Bautista J, Fullerton H, Briseno M, Cui H, Fass R. The effect of an empirical trial of high-dose lansoprazole on symptom response of patients with non-cardiac chest pain - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19:1123-30, 2004.
34. Dickman R, Emmons S, Cui H, Sewll J, Hernandez D, Esquivel RF, Fass R. The effect of therapeutic trial of high-dose rabeprazole on symptom response of patients with non-cardiac chest pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22:547-55, 2005.
35. Cremonini F, Wise J, Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors in non-cardiac chest pain: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 100:1226-32, 2005.
36. Wang WH, Huang JZ, Zheng GF, Wong WM, Lam SK, Karlberg J, Xia HH, et al. Is proton pump inhibitor testing an effective approch to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with non-cardiac chest pain? A metaanalysis. Arch Intern Med 165:1222-8, 2005.
37. Galli J, Scarano S, Agostino S, Quaranta N, Cammarota G, Ottaviani F. Pharyngolaringeal reflux in outpatient clinical practice: personal experience. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 23:38-42, 2003.
38. DelGaudio JM, Waring JP. Empiric esomeprazole in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope 113:598-601, 2003.
39. Bredenoord AJ, Tutuian R, Smout AJPM, Castell DO. Technology rewiew: esophageal impedance monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 102:187-94, 2007.
40. Ford CN. Evaluation and management of laringopharyngeal reflux. JAMA 294:1534-40, 2005.
41. Bilgen C, Ogut F, Kesimli-Dinc H, Kirazli T, Bor S. The comparison of an empiric proton pump inhibitor trial vs 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in laryngopharyngeal reflux. J Laryngol Otol 117:386-90, 2003.
42. Baldi F, Cappiello R, Cavoli C, Ghersi S, Torresan F, Roda E. Proton pump inhibitor treatment of patiens with gastroesophageal reflux-related chronic cough; a comparison between two different daily doses of lansoprazole. World J Gastroenterol 12:82-8, 2006.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Está expresamente prohibida la redistribución y la redifusión de todo o parte de los contenidos de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Información Científica (SIIC) S.A. sin previo y expreso consentimiento de SIIC.
ua31618